XYZ的筆記本: FreeBSD 基本操作

環境：FreeBSD 15.0

查看版本，使用 freebsd-version
參數：
-k：已安裝核心的版本和補丁等級
-r：正在運行核心的版本和補丁層級
-u：已安裝使用者空間(userland)的版本和補丁層級
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_space_and_kernel_space)
-j jail：指定 jail（由 jid 或 name 指定）中已安裝使用者空間的版本和修補程式等級
(https://docs.freebsd.org/zh-tw/books/handbook/jails/)
```
$ freebsd-version -kru
15.0-RELEASE
15.0-RELEASE
15.0-RELEASE
```
預設沒裝 sudo
使用 su - 會出現「su: Sorry」，須將使用者加入 wheel 群組
```
$ pw groupmod wheel -m 使用者帳號
```
預設 SSH 不允許 root 遠端登入，SSH 設定檔在 /etc/ssh/sshd_config
若要可 SSH 登入，修改定檔
```
$ vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config
PermitRootLogin yes
```
重新啟動 SSH
```
$ service sshd restart
```

新增設定網卡，設定檔在 /etc/rc.conf
例如有兩網卡 em0、em1，設定檔只有 em0，則 em1 會沒 IP

$ cat /etc/rc.conf
hostname="test.example.com"
ifconfig_em0="DHCP"
ifconfig_em0_ipv6="inet6 accept_rtadv"
sshd_enable="YES"
ntpd_enable="YES"
ntpd_sync_on_start="YES"
moused_nondefault_enable="NO"
# Set dumpdev to "AUTO" to enable crash dumps, "NO" to disable
dumpdev="AUTO"
zfs_enable="YES"

$ ifconfig
em0: flags=1008843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST,LOWER_UP> metric 0 mtu 1500
        options=48505bb<RXCSUM,TXCSUM,VLAN_MTU,VLAN_HWTAGGING,JUMBO_MTU,VLAN_HWCSUM,TSO4,LRO,VLAN_HWFILTER,VLAN_HWTSO,HWSTATS,MEXTPG>
        ether 08:00:27:f6:65:db
        inet 192.168.100.4 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.100.255
        inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fef6:65db%em0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x1
        media: Ethernet autoselect (1000baseT <full-duplex>)
        status: active
        nd6 options=23<PERFORMNUD,ACCEPT_RTADV,AUTO_LINKLOCAL>
em1: flags=1008802<BROADCAST,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST,LOWER_UP> metric 0 mtu 1500
        options=48505bb<RXCSUM,TXCSUM,VLAN_MTU,VLAN_HWTAGGING,JUMBO_MTU,VLAN_HWCSUM,TSO4,LRO,VLAN_HWFILTER,VLAN_HWTSO,HWSTATS,MEXTPG>
        ether 08:00:27:c5:be:b9
        media: Ethernet autoselect (1000baseT <full-duplex>)
        status: active
        nd6 options=29<PERFORMNUD,IFDISABLED,AUTO_LINKLOCAL>
lo0: flags=1008049<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING,MULTICAST,LOWER_UP> metric 0 mtu 16384
        options=680003<RXCSUM,TXCSUM,LINKSTATE,RXCSUM_IPV6,TXCSUM_IPV6>
        inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 0xff000000
        inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128
        inet6 fe80::1%lo0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x3
        groups: lo
        nd6 options=21<PERFORMNUD,AUTO_LINKLOCAL>

新增 em1 網卡，設為 DHCP

$ vi /etc/rc.conf
$ cat /etc/rc.conf
hostname="test.example.com"
ifconfig_em0="DHCP"
ifconfig_em0_ipv6="inet6 accept_rtadv"
sshd_enable="YES"
ntpd_enable="YES"
ntpd_sync_on_start="YES"
moused_nondefault_enable="NO"
# Set dumpdev to "AUTO" to enable crash dumps, "NO" to disable
dumpdev="AUTO"
zfs_enable="YES"

# 新增 em1
ifconfig_em1="DHCP"

重啟 em1 網卡

$ service netif restart em1

$ ifconfig
em0: flags=1008843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST,LOWER_UP> metric 0 mtu 1500
        options=48505bb<RXCSUM,TXCSUM,VLAN_MTU,VLAN_HWTAGGING,JUMBO_MTU,VLAN_HWCSUM,TSO4,LRO,VLAN_HWFILTER,VLAN_HWTSO,HWSTATS,MEXTPG>
        ether 08:00:27:f6:65:db
        inet 192.168.100.4 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.100.255
        inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fef6:65db%em0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x1
        media: Ethernet autoselect (1000baseT <full-duplex>)
        status: active
        nd6 options=23<PERFORMNUD,ACCEPT_RTADV,AUTO_LINKLOCAL>
em1: flags=1008843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST,LOWER_UP> metric 0 mtu 1500
        options=48505bb<RXCSUM,TXCSUM,VLAN_MTU,VLAN_HWTAGGING,JUMBO_MTU,VLAN_HWCSUM,TSO4,LRO,VLAN_HWFILTER,VLAN_HWTSO,HWSTATS,MEXTPG>
        ether 08:00:27:c5:be:b9
        inet 192.168.10.142 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.10.255
        media: Ethernet autoselect (1000baseT <full-duplex>)
        status: active
        nd6 options=29<PERFORMNUD,IFDISABLED,AUTO_LINKLOCAL>
lo0: flags=1008049<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING,MULTICAST,LOWER_UP> metric 0 mtu 16384
        options=680003<RXCSUM,TXCSUM,LINKSTATE,RXCSUM_IPV6,TXCSUM_IPV6>
        inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 0xff000000
        inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128
        inet6 fe80::1%lo0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x3
        groups: lo
        nd6 options=21<PERFORMNUD,AUTO_LINKLOCAL>

也可重啟 em1 DHCP

$ service dhclient restart em1
Stopping dhclient.
Starting dhclient.
DHCPREQUEST on em1 to 255.255.255.255 port 67
DHCPACK from 192.168.10.10
bound to 192.168.10.142 -- renewal in 21600 seconds.

查看 DHCP 取得 IP 的租約資料

$ cat /var/db/dhclient.leases.em1
lease {
  interface "em1";
  fixed-address 192.168.10.142;
  next-server 192.168.10.10;
  option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0;
  option routers 192.168.10.1;
  option domain-name-servers 8.8.8.8;
  option host-name "test";
  option broadcast-address 192.168.10.255;
  option dhcp-lease-time 43200;
  option dhcp-message-type 5;
  option dhcp-server-identifier 192.168.10.10;
  option dhcp-renewal-time 21600;
  option dhcp-rebinding-time 37800;
  renew 0 2026/5/10 18:14:29;
  rebind 0 2026/5/10 22:44:29;
  expire 1 2026/5/11 00:14:29;
}
lease {
  interface "em1";
  fixed-address 192.168.10.142;
  next-server 192.168.10.10;
  option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0;
  option routers 192.168.10.1;
  option domain-name-servers 8.8.8.8;
  option host-name "test";
  option broadcast-address 192.168.10.255;
  option dhcp-lease-time 43200;
  option dhcp-message-type 5;
  option dhcp-server-identifier 192.168.10.10;
  option dhcp-renewal-time 21600;
  option dhcp-rebinding-time 37800;
  renew 0 2026/5/10 18:16:12;
  rebind 0 2026/5/10 22:46:12;
  expire 1 2026/5/11 00:16:12;
}

XYZ的筆記本

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2026年5月10日星期日

FreeBSD 基本操作

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2026年5月10日 星期日

FreeBSD 基本操作

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2026年5月10日星期日